Title: Geometric Morphometric Tools to Align, Scale, and Compare "Shape" of Menstrual Cycle Hormones
Version: 1.0.3
Description: Mitteroecker & Gunz (2009) <doi:10.1007/s11692-009-9055-x> describe how geometric morphometric methods allow researchers to quantify the size and shape of physical biological structures. We provide tools to extend geometric morphometric principles to the study of non-physical structures, hormone profiles, as outlined in Ehrlich et al (2021) <doi:10.1002/ajpa.24514>. Easily transform daily measures into multivariate landmark-based data. Includes custom functions to apply multivariate methods for data exploration as well as hypothesis testing. Also includes 'shiny' web app to streamline data exploration. Developed to study menstrual cycle hormones but functions have been generalized and should be applicable to any biomarker over any time period.
License: GPL (≥ 3.0)
URL: <https://github.com/ClancyLabUIUC/moRphomenses>
Depends: R (≥ 2.10)
Imports: stats, graphics, grDevices, utils
Encoding: UTF-8
LazyData: true
RoxygenNote: 7.3.2
Suggests: dendextend, geomorph, cluster, shiny
NeedsCompilation: no
Packaged: 2025-01-06 18:00:43 UTC; ehrli097
Author: Daniel Ehrlich [aut, cre]
Maintainer: Daniel Ehrlich <dan.ehrlich.e@gmail.com>
Repository: CRAN
Date/Publication: 2025-01-08 18:30:02 UTC

Array Data

Description

Construct a ragged array (containing missing data) of a specified length (up/down sampling individuals to fit).

Usage

mm_ArrayData(
  IDs,
  DAYS,
  VALUE,
  MID = NULL,
  targetLENGTH,
  targetMID = NULL,
  transformation = c("minmax", "geom", "zscore", "log", "log10"),
  impute_missing = 3
)

Arguments

IDs

A vector that contains individual IDs repeated for multiple days of collection.

DAYS

A vector that contains information on time, IE Day 1, Day 2, Day 3. Note: this vector should include integers, continuous data might produce unintended results.

VALUE

A vector containing the variable sampled.

MID

Am optional vector of midpoints to center each individuals profile. These should be unique to each individual and repeated for each observation of DAYS, VALUE, and IDs. If NULL (defualt), data will not be centered on any day.

targetLENGTH

Integer. Number of days to up/down sample observations to using mm_get_interval.

targetMID

If NULL (default) data will not be centered and will range from 0 to 1. If specified, data will be centered on 0 ranging from -1 to 1.

transformation

Which (if any) data transformation to apply. Our reccomendation is minmax, but Geometric mean, Zscore, natural log and log10 transformations are available, if desired.

impute_missing

Integer. If not null, number of nearest-neighbors to use to impute missing data (Default = 3).

Value

Returns a 3D array of data to be analyzed with individuals in the 3rd dimension.

Build, implement, visualize multivariate linear model.

Description

Easily evaluate simple model sets (one covariate with up to 2 additional classifiers/covariates). Helpful for exploratory analysis. For detailed models or specific combinations of variables, see geomorph::procD.lm for full use of this function.

Usage

mm_BuildModel(shape_data, ..., subgrps = NULL, ff1 = NULL, univ_series = FALSE)

Arguments

shape_data

This will be the (multivariate) response variable

...

Covariate(s)/classifier(s) to build a model set. Individual models are run with interaction effects.

subgrps

Optional. Vector of group membership. Model sets will be run across the whole sample and subgroups. If k is specified, only the full model will be run.

ff1

An explicit model to test in the format: " coords ~ ...". Names must match those specifed in .... Standard lm notation applies.

univ_series

Default (FALSE) will evaluate multiple covariates and their interaction in a single model. However, it can be helpful to understand the univariate effects in isolation of interaction/confounding factors. Set univ_series=TRUE to produce a series of model sets, one for each covariate specified (NOTE: ff1 must also be NULL for this to work).

Value

A list containing output of one or more multivariate linear models that can be inspected on their own or interacted with using mm_VizModel or mm_CompModel.

Define Shapespace of aligned dataset.

Description

Conduct PCA of shape data and visualize major shape trends.

Usage

mm_CalcShapespace(dat, max_Shapes = 10)

Arguments

dat

A 3D array of shape data to be analyzed.

max_Shapes

The maximum amount of PCs to visualize. Default 10.

Value

A list containing the results of shape-pca, including vizualizations of shape extrema for each Principal Component.

Check Imputation

Description

Plot Raw (aligned) data along side by side with imputed data.

Usage

mm_CheckImputation(A1, A2, ObO = interactive())

Arguments

A1

An aligned array, containing missing data (presumably made with mm_ArrayData⁠$shape_data_wNA⁠).

A2

An aligned and imputed array (presumably made with mm_ArrayData⁠$Shape_data⁠).

ObO

One-by-One. If TRUE (default, in interactive sessions), individuals will be plotted one at a time, requiring the user to advance/exit the operation. If FALSE, all plots #' will be generated at once to be browsed or exported from the Plots panel.

Value

A series of plots for each individual in the array. If ObO=TRUE user input is required to advance or exit the plotting.

Color leves of a dendrogram

Description

Specify color order approriately for a dendrogram

Usage

mm_ColorLeaves(dendro, cols)

Arguments

dendro

A dendrogram or hclust class object

cols

a vector of colors

Details

Leaves of a dendrogram will be re-ordered compared to most input classifiers. This function takes the study-ordered colors and correctly applies them to the dendrogram using dendextend

Value

A dendrogram class object with leaves colored as specified.

Compare Model Metrics

Description

Compare key figs (Rsq, p-value, etc) across multiple models.

Usage

mm_CompModel(mv_results, row_labels = NULL, digits = 4)

Arguments

mv_results

Input mvlm, created by mm_BuildModel (or by using geomorph::procD.lm)

row_labels

A character vector to use in output. If NULL (default) labels from the input data will be used.

digits

Number of decimal places to round to. Default includes 4 decimal places.

Value

A list containing the results of the mvlm, visualizations of shape trends along the regression line, and the model itself.

Compare Complex Model Metrics

Description

Compare key figs (Rsq, p-value, etc) across multiple complex models.

Usage

mm_CompModel_Full(mv_results, row_labels = NULL, var_labels = NULL, digits = 4)

Arguments

mv_results

Input mvlm, created by mm_BuildModel (or by using geomorph::procD.lm)

row_labels

A character vector to use in output. If NULL (default) labels from the input data will be used.

var_labels

A character vector to use in output. If NULL (default) labels from the input data will be used.

digits

Number of decimal places to round to. Default includes 4 decimal places.

Value

description

Run a suite of diagnostic analyses.

Description

Conduct a set of analyses to make shape-PCA results easier to interpret. Specifically, this will provide a table of eigen values (optional barplot), provide 5-number summary across each PC, conduct a naive Ward's clustering of PC scores (optional dendrogram, along with silhouette plot and scree plot of individual distance to the sample mean

Usage

mm_Diagnostics(dat, max_PC_viz = 10, max_PC_calc = NULL, hide_plots = FALSE)

Arguments

dat

A 3D array or a mmPCA object (output of mm_CalcShapespace).

max_PC_viz

Maximum number of PCs to include in visualizations (EG Eigenplots, or shape trends.

max_PC_calc

By default (NULL), all PCs will be included in calculations. However, if fewer PCs are required users may specify an integer, n, to get the first n PCS.

hide_plots

By default (FALSE), helpful visuals are plotted.

Value

Returns a list containing the results of:

Launch mm_Explorer

Description

Launch mm_Explorer

Usage

mm_Explorer()

Value

No value. Will launch shiny app in default web browser.

Impute Missing Data

Description

Fill in a ragged away by nearest neighbor imputation

Usage

mm_FillMissing(A, knn = 3)

Arguments

A

A ragged array (IE, contains missing cells), presumably constructed with mm_ArrayData.

knn

Number of nearest neighbors to draw on for imputation (default = 3).

Value

Returns an array of the same dimensions with all missing data filled.

Flatten Array

Description

Convert a 3D array to 2D matrix suitable for PCA, etc. Note, this function is identical to geomorph::two.d.array, reproduced here for convenience.

Usage

mm_FlattenArray(A, sep = ".")

Arguments

A

an array to be flattened

sep

Separator to be used for column names

Value

Returns a flattened array

Generate Phenotypes

Description

Partition sample into clusters, based on information from

Usage

mm_Phenotype(dat, kgrps, cuttree_h = NULL, cuttree_k = NULL, plot_figs = TRUE)

Arguments

dat

Either an Array of shape data, an mmPCA object, or an mmDiag object.

kgrps

A non-negative integer of sub-groups to draw. kgrps=1 will provide results for the whole input dat.

cuttree_h

Optional. Draw clusters by splitting the tree at a given height, h.

cuttree_k

Optional. Draw clsuters by splitting the tree into number of branches, k

plot_figs

Optional. Default = TRUE, plot phenotypes for each set(s) of subgroups.

Value

If plot_figs=TRUE (Default), plot associated graphs and return a list containing:

Plot Array Plot individuals and optionally mean form

Description

Plot Array Plot individuals and optionally mean form

Usage

mm_PlotArray(
  A,
  MeanShape = TRUE,
  AllCols = NULL,
  MeanCol = NULL,
  plot_type = c("lines", "points"),
  lbl = NULL,
  yr = NULL,
  axis_labels = FALSE,
  reset_par = TRUE
)

Arguments

A

An array to be plotted

MeanShape

Logical. Should the Mean Shape be calculated and plotted

AllCols

Either a single color for all individuals, or a vector specifying colors for each individual. If NULL (default) individuals will be plotted in grey

MeanCol

A single color for the mean shape. If Null (default) mean shape will be plotted in black

plot_type

Should the data be plotted as points or lines.

lbl

A title (main =) for the plot. If NULL (default) the name of the array will be used.

yr

Y-range, in the form c(0,100)

axis_labels

Should units be printed along the axis. Defaults to FALSE to maximize the profile shape.

reset_par

Optional, default = TRUE. If false, do not reset graphic parameters in order to create complex plots.

Value

Plot individual(s) profile(s) in the default graphics device.

Scree Plot

Description

Plot total within group sum of squares to evalaute clusters

Usage

mm_ScreePlot(x, maxC = 15, ...)

Arguments

x

Input data for cluster analysis (IE, PCA)

maxC

Maximum clusters to evaluate

...

Additional arguments to be passed to plot

Value

No value, produces diagnostic plot.

Silhouette Width Plot

Description

Plot average silhouete widths to evaluate clusters

Usage

mm_SilPlot(x, maxC = 15, ...)

Arguments

x

Input data for cluster analysis (IE PCA)

maxC

Maximum clusters to evaluate

...

additional arguments passed to plot

Value

No value, produces diagnostic plot.

Visualize Multivariate LM

Description

Visualize 2D scatterplot of mvlm including predicted shapes.

Usage

mm_VizModel(dat, clas_col = NULL)

Arguments

dat

Input mvlm, created by mm_BuildModel (or by using geomorph::procD.lm)

clas_col

A classifier to color the data by. If null (default) all points will be grey. Otherwise, data will be plotted as rainbow(n) colors.

Value

A list containing the results of the mvlm, visualizations of shape trends along the regression line, and the model itself.

Visualize PC axes

Description

Plot a scatterplot and vizualize shape change across the X axis.

Usage

mm_VizShapespace(
  mmPCA,
  xPC = 1,
  yPC = 2,
  yr = c(0, 1.1),
  cols = NULL,
  title = "",
  png_dir = NULL
)

Arguments

mmPCA

Output of mm_CalcShapespace, containing a PCA object with PC shapes

xPC

The PC to be plotted on the x axis. If yPC is left null, a univariate density distribution will be plotted with min/max shapes.

yPC

The PC to be plotted on the y axis.

yr

The y-xis range, in the format c(0,1)

cols

A vector of colors of length n, for use in scatterplot.

title

To be used for the plot

png_dir

A file path to a directory in which to save out PNG figures. Names will be automatically assigned based on input PC(s).

Details

Meant to be a quick diagnostic plot with minimal customization.

Value

Produces a series of plots to visualize PCA analysis. If png_dir is specified, function will save out .png files. Otherwise plots will be displayed in the default plot window.

Visualize shape of target coordinates

Description

Visualize shape of target coordinates

Usage

mm_coords_to_shape(A, PCA, target_coords, target_PCs = c(1, 2))

Arguments

A

A landmark array used for the pca

PCA

output of prcomp. Should contain $transormation

target_coords

A single set of X,Y coordinates.

target_PCs

Integer identifying which pc to use on the X and Y axis. Default is c(1,2) for PC1 on x and PC2 on y

Value

A landmark array representing the hypothetical shape of a given set of coordinates.

Sample hormone dataset

Description

Sample dataset classifiers to be paired with sample array. This table contains 60 rows to match the 60 individuals across the third dimension of the array

Usage

mm_data

Format

A matrix with 2015 obs (rows) and 4 variables (columns).

ID

Individual id, each integer represents a different individual.

CYCLEDAY

Integer day of cycle. Generally runs from 1 ... (28 on average).

MIDPOINT

Single value for each individual, repeated along each CYCLEDAY. In this sample, day of ovulation.

E1G

Daily measure of hormone, in nanograms per mililiter

Add confidence ellipses to an active scatterplot.

Description

Add confidence ellipses to an active scatterplot.

Usage

mm_ellipse(
  dat,
  ci = c(67.5, 90, 95, 99),
  linesCol = "black",
  fillCol = "grey",
  smoothness = 20
)

Arguments

dat

A matrix of data to draw an ellipses around.

ci

Percentage of data to capture. Must be one of c(67.5, 90, 95, 99).

linesCol

Border color of the shape.

fillCol

Fill color of the shape.

smoothness

Lower values will look jagged, higher value will make smoother lines, but may take a long time to plot. Default value is 20.

Value

No value. Will add an ellipses of a given size to the current plot.

Create equallly spaced intervals.

Description

Create a sequence from -1:1 of specified length. MIDpoint (day0) can be

Usage

mm_get_interval(days, day0 = NULL)

Arguments

days

The length of the sequence to return, inclusive of the endpoints (-1,1)

day0

If NULL (default), the median integer will be calculated, centering the range on 0. Specifying a value will set 0 to that value, creating asymmetric ranges.

Value

Returns a numeric vector of specified length, ranging from -1 to 1

Examples

mm_get_interval(15) ## Symmetrical sequence from -1 to 1 with 0 in the middle.
mm_get_interval(15, day0 = 8) ## The same sequence, explicitly specifying the midpoint
mm_get_interval(15, day0 = 3) ## 15 divisions with an asymmetric distribution.

Distance from Centroid

Description

Calculate and plot group distance from centroid (grand mean)

Usage

mm_grp_dists(dat, grps, plots = TRUE)

Arguments

dat

a 2d matrix of data. Presumably PC scores

grps

a vector defining group IDs

plots

Logical. Should distances be plotted as boxplots? If FALSE, distance calculations are still performed

Value

A list containing individual distances from the sample mean shape. If plots=TRUE, will also visualize results

Plot Arrays of groups

Description

Attempts to optimally format a grid of arrays by group

Usage

mm_grps_PlotArray(A, grps, reset_par = TRUE)

Arguments

A

an array to be plotted

grps

a vector defining group IDs to subset along the 3rd dimension of the array

reset_par

Optional, default = TRUE. If false, do not reset graphic parameters in order to create complex plots.

Details

4 Groups will plot as a 2x2 grid, while 9 groups plot in a 3x3. Function is experimental

Value

Returns no values, produces a series of plots.

Take a color and modify it

Description

Modify color/transparency using hsv syntax

Usage

mm_mute_cols(cols, s = NULL, v = NULL, alpha = 0.4)

Arguments

cols

a vector of colors, eg: "#0066FF"

s

Either a single value or a vector of same length as cols specifying a new saturation (range 0-1). colors darken to black (0).

v

Either a single value or a vector of same length as cols specifying a new value (range 0-1). colors lighten to white (0)

alpha

Either a single value or a vector of same length as cols specifying a transparency value (range 0-1). colors translucent at 0.

Value

A vector of colors that have been modified in saturation, value, or alpha

Plot Calendar Days

Description

Pretty PCA

Usage

mm_pretty_pca(PCA, xPC = 1, yPC = 2, clas_col = NULL, legend_cex = 0.8)

Arguments

PCA

Input data either prcomp or mmPCA.

xPC

The PC to plot on the x axis

yPC

The PC to plot on the y axis

clas_col

A character vector of groupings. Each level will be plotted as a different color.

legend_cex

A scaling factor to be applied specifically to the legend. Set to NULL for scatterplot only.

Details

A better PCA plot

Value

Returns no object, plots results of PCA

Geometric Scaling

Description

Calculate the geometric mean of a vector and scale all values by it.

Usage

mm_transf_geom(x)

Arguments

x

A numeric vector to be scaled. Missing values will produce NA, conduct knn imputation using mm_FillMissing first.

Value

Returns a scaled vector

Examples

mm_transf_geom(1:10)

natural log transform

Description

Transform a vector by the natural log.

Usage

mm_transf_log(x)

Arguments

x

A numeric vector to be scaled. Missing values will produce NA, conduct knn imputation using mm_FillMissing first.

Value

Returns a scaled vector

Examples

mm_transf_log(1:10)

Common log transform

Description

Transform a vector by the common log (base 10).

Usage

mm_transf_log10(x)

Arguments

x

A numeric vector to be scaled. Missing values will produce NA, conduct knn imputation using mm_FillMissing first.

Value

Returns a scaled vector

Examples

mm_transf_log10(1:10)

Min-Max Scaling

Description

Scale a vector from 0,1 based on its minimum and maximum values.

Usage

mm_transf_minmax(x)

Arguments

x

A Numeric vector to be scaled. Missing values are allowed and ignored.

Value

Returns a scaled vector

Examples

mm_transf_minmax(1:10)

Z scores

Description

Calculate and return z-scores given a numeric vector.

Usage

mm_transf_zscore(x)

Arguments

x

A numeric vector to be scaled. Missing values will produce NA, conduct knn imputation using mm_FillMissing first.

Value

Returns a scaled vector

Examples

mm_transf_zscore(1:10)

Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Hormone Cycle Phenotypes

Description

Analyze shapes/phenotypes of hormone data using Geometric Morphometric inspired methods.

Author(s)

Daniel E. Ehrlich

Description

Print basic summary

Usage

print_summary(aln, grps = NULL)

Arguments

aln

An object created with mm_ArrayData

grps

(Optional) A numeric vector that defines groupings

Value

A character vector with basic descriptive information, to be used with print(). If grps=TRUE, will return a list of character vectors.